Au xvie siècle, à la rivalité Franc

Au xvie siècle, à la rivalité France-Bourgogne succède la rivalité France-Autriche. Le duc Antoine de Lorraine cherche à conserver la neutralité de ses duchés et de bonnes relations avec ses voisins. Son frère François de Guise combat pour la France tandis que son fils François, filleul de François Ier de France, épouse une nièce de Charles Quint. Peu avant sa mort, par le traité de Nuremberg, la Lorraine est déclarée « État libre et non incorporable » par l'empereur. Son successeur François Ier meurt après 363 jours de règne. Il laisse un fils de 2 ans Charles III de Lorraine et la régence partagée entre son épouse Christine de Danemark, favorable à l'empereur et son frère Nicolas de Lorraine, francophile.

En 1552, après avoir passé un accord avec les protestants allemands, le roi Henri II de France, au cours de son « voyage d'Allemagne », annexe successivement les trois villes épiscopales de la région Metz, Toul, Verdun qui seront unies sous le vocable « Trois-Évêchés ». À cette occasion, il séjourne à Nancy. Il donne la régence au seul prince Nicolas et soustrait l'éducation du jeune duc à sa mère en l'emmenant à Paris. Le jeune duc ne reviendra en Lorraine que 7 ans plus tard nanti d'une épouse française, Claude de France, fille cadette du roi. Les Trois-Évêchés ne seront officiellement réunis à la France qu'en 1648 par les traités de Westphalie qui mettent fin à la Guerre de Trente Ans, qui fut très durement vécue par les Lorrains.

En effet, en Lorraine, le xviie siècle commence par un conflit de succession. Le duc Henri II de Lorraine meurt en 1624 en ne laissant que deux filles. D'abord promise à Louis XIII de France, l'aînée, Nicole de Lorraine, a été mariée à son cousin Charles de Lorraine-Vaudémont. Le testament du duc stipule que les époux règneront conjointement, Charles tenant son pouvoir de Nicole. Charles réussit à évincer Nicole du pouvoir mais sa politique fantasque et son opposition ouverte à la France causeront le malheur de ses États et de ses sujets.
En 1661, La lorraine cède plusieurs localités à la France dans le cadre du Traité de Vincennes.

Le duché de Lorraine est occupé par la France sous Louis XIII et Louis XIV de France mais retrouve son indépendance (surveillée) en 1697 avec le duc Léopold Ier, qui entreprend de restaurer ses États. Pour bien montrer sa détermination, il fait construire le château-résidence de Lunéville . Estimé de tous, le duc meurt en 1729 laissant le trône à son fils François III qui, élevé à Vienne, est le fiancé potentiel de l'héritière de l'empereur. La France ne saurait accepter que l'influence de l'Autriche, qui possède alors l'actuelle Belgique et le Luxembourg, s'étende jusqu'à Bar-le-Duc.

En 1738 l'empereur Charles VI obtint l'acceptation par la France de la Pragmatique sanction en échange des duchés de Lorraine et de Bar. Ces deux duchés appartenaient à celui qui deviendra en 1745, l'empereur romain du saint empire, François Ier du Saint-Empire. Les duchés seront donnés, à titre viager, au roi déchu de Pologne, Stanislas Leszczynski, beau-père de Louis XV de France qui avait épousé sa fille Marie Lesczynska. À la mort de Stanislas en 1766, la France reçut les duchés qui devinrent des provinces du Royaume de France « à l'instar de l'étranger », ce qui signifiait que les taxes douanières sur les produits passant de Lorraine en France étaient maintenues. Le duc de Lorraine recevait la Toscane et épousait la fille de l'empereur. Il sera le père de Marie-Antoinette d'Autriche qui, devenue reine de France, sera condamnée à mort lors de la Révolution française.


Stanislas Leszczynski, souverain imposé par la France
Stanislas Leszczyński, homme affable, placé deux fois sur le trône de Pologne par des puissances étrangères et chassé deux fois par son rival Frédéric-Auguste Ier de Saxe, abandonna immédiatement la réalité du pouvoir à un intendant nommé par la France et s'appropria le Château de Lunéville dont il fit sa résidence favorite. Il fut à Nancy un acteur important des Lumières. Souverain fantoche, après les destructions ayant suivi les guerres de Louis XIII et Louis XIV, il dota la ville d'un ensemble architectural exceptionnel, la Place Royale conçue à la gloire de son gendre Louis XV. Cet ensemble urbain est inscrit depuis 1983 au titre du patrimoine mondial de l’Humanité par l’Unesco22. Il se distingua par des initiatives sociales en avance sur son temps : écoles, hôpitaux et bibliothèques publiques, greniers collectifs, secours aux plus démunis, et obtint le surnom de « Bienfaisant » tandis que l'intendant français Chaumont de La Galaizière remplaçait les administrateurs lorrains par des Français, imposait la langue française dans les actes de justice (alors qu'une partie de la Lorraine était de langue germanique) et envoyait les récalcitrants aux galères royales.

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 1:

In the 16th century, the rivalry France-Bourgogne succeeds rivalry France-Austria. Duke Antoine of Lorraine seeks to maintain the neutrality of its Duchies and good relations with its neighbours. His brother François of Guise fought for the France while his son François, Godson of Francis I of France, married a niece of Charles Quint. Shortly before his death, by the Treaty of Nuremberg, Lorraine is declared "Free and non-inventoriable State" by the emperor. His successor François Ier died after 363 days of reign. He is a son of 2 years Charles III of Lorraine and the Regency split between his wife Christine of Denmark, favourable to the Emperor and his brother Nicolas of Lorraine, francophile.In 1552, after an agreement with the German protestants, King Henri II of France, in his 'journey of Germany', successively annex three towns bishops of region Metz, Toul, Verdun which will be United under the term "Trois-Évêchés. On this occasion, he stayed in Nancy. It gives the Regency only prince Nicolas and subtracts the education of the young Duke to his mother by taking him in Paris. The young Duke will return in Lorraine until 7 years later secured by a French wife, Claude de France, daughter of the King. The Trois-Évêchés only will officially meet the France in 1648 by the Treaty of Westphalia which ended the thirty years war, which was very hard experienced by the Lorraine.Indeed, in Lorraine, the 17th century begins with a conflict of succession. Henri II, Duke of Lorraine died in 1624 leaving only two girls. First promised to Louis XIII of France, the eldest, Nicole de Lorraine, was married to his cousin Charles of Lorraine - Vaudémont. The Duke's will stipulates that spouses will reign jointly, Charles taking his power to Nicole. Charles managed to oust Nicole of power but his open opposition to the France and its whimsical policy will cause the misfortune of its States and its subjects.In 1661, lorraine gives localities to France under the Treaty of Vincennes.The Duchy of Lorraine was occupied by France under Louis XIII and Louis XIV of France but found (supervised) independence in 1697 with the Duke Léopold Ier, which undertakes to restore its States. To show its determination, he built the Castle-residence of Lunéville. Felt by all, the Duke died in 1729, leaving the throne to his son François III, raised in Vienna, is the potential bridegroom of the heirs of the emperor. The France cannot accept that the influence of Austria, which has then the current Belgium and the Luxembourg, extends up to Bar-le-Duc.In 1738 the Emperor Charles VI won acceptance by the France of the pragmatic sanction in Exchange for the duchies of Lorraine and Bar. These two Duchies belonged to one that became in 1745, the Roman Emperor of the Holy empire, Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor. The duchies will be given during life, to the King stripped of Poland, Stanislas Leszczynski, father-in-law of Louis XV of France, who had married his daughter Marie Lesczynska. At the death of Stanislas in 1766, the France received the duchies which became the provinces of the Kingdom of France «like abroad", which meant that customs duties on products from Lorraine in France were kept. Duke of Lorraine received the Tuscany and married the daughter of the emperor. It will be the father of Marie-Antoinette of Austria who became Queen of France, will be sentenced to death during the French Revolution.Stanislas Leszczynski, ruler imposed by the FranceStanislas Leszczyński, affable man, placed twice on the throne of Poland by foreign powers and chased twice by his rival Frederick Augustus I of Saxony, immediately abandoned the reality of power a steward appointed by the France and appropriated the Château de Lunéville, which he made his favourite residence. It was Nancy an important actor in the lights. Sovereign puppet after the destruction that followed the wars of Louis XIII and Louis XIV, he dota city an exceptional architectural complex, the Royal Place designed to the glory of his son-in-law Louis XV. This urban ensemble is registered since 1983 to the title of world heritage of humanity by the Unesco22. He distinguished himself by social initiatives ahead of its time: schools, hospitals and public libraries, collective granaries and relief to the most needy, and obtained the nickname of "Soothing" while french intendant Chaumont de La Galaizière replaced Lorraine administrators by the French, imposed the French in acts of justice (as a part of Lorraine was Germanic language) and sent the recalcitrant to the Royal galleys.

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 3:

in the 16th century, france was the rivalry rivalry (france). the duke of lorraine's attempt to preserve the neutrality of the duchies, and good relations with its neighbours. his brother francis in a battle for france, while his son, francis, francis i of france, son of charles v, married a niece. shortly before his death, by the treaty of nuremberg.lorraine is declared free and incorporable »  État by the emperor. his successor francis i died after 363 days of his reign. it is a 2 year old son charles iii of lorraine and his wife christine, shared between the regency of denmark, in favor of the emperor and his brother nicolas de lorraine, a francophile. in 1552, after reaching an agreement with the german protestants.king henry ii of france, in his "trip to germany," schedule each of the three cities of the region and all bishops, verdun, which are united under the term " trois - Évêchés ». at that time, he lived in nancy. it is the only regent prince nikolai and education of the young duke from his mother, taking her to paris.the young duke of lorraine is 7 years later with a french wife, claude of france, daughter of king. three Évêchés will officially held in france in 1648 by the treaty of westphalia, which ended the thirty years' war, which was highly regarded by lorraine. "indeed, in lorraine, in the seventeenth century began with a conflict of succession.duke henry ii of lorraine died in 1624, leaving two daughters. first, betrothed to louis xiii of france, the eldest daughter, nicole de lorraine, was married to his cousin charles of lorraine vaudémont. the will provides that the spouses of duke charles the joint power of nicole.charles is out of power, but his erratic policy (and his open opposition to france will be the misfortune of his state and its people. in 1661, lorraine has several locations in france under the treaty of paris. "the duchy of lorraine was occupied by france under louis xiii and louis xiv of france but regains its independence (supervised) in 1697 with duke leopold, who began to restore its state. in order to show his determination, he built the castle, residence of lunéville. estimates of all the duke died in 1729, leaving the throne to his son william iii, raised in vienna.is the groom potential of the heir to the emperor. france cannot accept that the influence of austria, which has the current belgium and luxembourg extends in bar le duc. in 1738 the emperor charles vi was the acceptance by the pragmatic sanction france in exchange for the duchies of lorraine and bar. the two duchies were to become, in 1745.the roman emperor of the holy roman empire, francis i, holy roman emperor. moreover, as will be shown in the life, in the fallen king of poland, stanislas leszczynski, father of louis xv of france, who had married his daughter mary lesczynska. after the death of his in 1766, france received the duchy became provinces of the kingdom of france "as the étranger »  à.this meant that the customs duties on products from lorraine in france were kept. the duke of lorraine received the tuscany and married the daughter of the emperor. he is the father of marie antoinette of austria, who became queen of france, will be sentenced to death at the time of the french revolution.


stanislas leszczynski, sovereign imposed by france, his leszczyński.kind man, twice placed on the throne of poland by foreign powers and driven twice by his rival frederick augustus i of saxony, from the reality of power immediately a superintendent appointed by france and appropria castle, which he lunéville home favorite. he was a key player in nancy's puppet ruler, lights.after the destruction that followed the wars of louis xiii and louis xiv. he gave the city a unique architectural complex, the place royale designed to the glory of his son-in-law louis xv. the entire city is since 1983 as world heritage of humanity by the unesco22. it was through social initiatives in schools, ahead of its time.hospitals, public libraries, public granary, relief of the poor, and got the nickname " bienfaisant » while french was the galaizière chaumont's lorraine by french directors.under the french language in the acts of justice, so that part of lorraine was a germanic language) was the royal galleys and recalcitrant.