L’école de Palo Alto désigne un gro

L’école de Palo Alto désigne un groupe d’hommes qui ont travaillé ensemble autour de théorie de la communication et de la relation entre les individus.

L’initiateur de ce travail et père de cette école est Grégory BATESON, zoologue, anthropologue et ethnologue. Il a été influencé par les mathématiciens, pères de la « cybernétique », Norbert WIERNER et John Von NEUMAN, et également par Ludwig Von BERTALAUFFY, biologiste qui a élaboré la « théorie des systèmes ».

Bertrand RUSSEL, père de la « théorie des types logiques », et Milton ERIKSON, initiateur d’un langage et d’une approche hypnotique en thérapie, ont aussi influencé son travail.

C’est le mélange des genres qui a fait toute la force de l’école de Palo Alto et qui a apporté un renouveau dans la vision de la communication.
L’une de ces originalités majeures est l’utilisation de l’approche systémique dans le domaine des relations humaines.

Postulat de départ :
« Il est impossible de ne pas communiquer »

La communication est liée au comportement des individus. Il n’y a pas de « non-comportement » (le silence et l’inaction sont un comportement) par conséquent la communication est permanente.

Quatre grands principes :

1°/ Deux niveaux de sens dans un message :

L’information, ou le contenu, c’est ce qui est dit.
La relation entre les individus.
Ex : Je m’approche d’une jeune femme pour lui demander mon chemin (contenu). Ce n’est pas un hasard si je l’ai choisie plutôt que le monsieur à côté (relation).

Perturbation possible : confusion entre le contenu et la relation.
Ex : Il est possible que je me sois dirigé vers la jeune femme parce qu’elle était la seule présente sur place pour m’aider. Mais, elle peut me mettre une claque, pensant que je la drague.

2°/ Dualité dans la communication d’un message :

Deux modes distincts et complémentaires :

Digital :lié au langage et à un code; pour communiquer, il est nécessaire que les interlocuteurs aient un code commun (même langue).

Analogique : gestuelle, mimique et posture; ce mode est plus intuitif et reste compréhensible sans dictionnaire !

Perturbation possible : perte ou absence de congruence entre le verbal et le non-verbal; vous pouvez la détecter chez votre interlocuteur. Cela ne vous arrivera pas si vous dites ce que vous pensez et si vous pensez ce que vous dites !

3°/ La ponctuation des échanges :

C’est la suite des échanges dans une communication, une suite de segments et le regard que chacun porte sur le comportement de l’autre.

Ex : Lui s’enferme dans le bureau parce que sa femme râle; elle râle parce qu’il s’enferme dans son bureau.

Peu importe de savoir qui a raison ou tort, l’important est de comprendre que chacun « ponctue » son échange pour maintenir le système dans cet équilibre.

Chacun fait plus de la même chose, il faut modifier les ponctuations.

Perturbation possible : au premier degré, elle est évidente. Il faut en plus se méfier de la « prédication », ne pas présupposer.

Le mari s’enferme parce qu’il présuppose que sa femme va râler ou la femme râle parce qu’elle présuppose que son mari va s’enfermer. Nous trouvons toujours le moyen de vérifier notre présupposé pour pouvoir dire: « tu vois, je le savais !».

4°/ La Métacommunication :

Métacommuniquer, c’est échanger sur sa propre communication au niveau du contenu ou au niveau de la relation.

Ex : « Si je te dis ça, c’est parce que je t’apprécie. », j’explique et justifie le pourquoi de ma communication. En tapant sur un verre pour obtenir le silence, je « métacommunique » que je souhaite communiquer quelque chose.

Perturbation possible : Ne pas métacommuniquer, ne pas prendre de recul, risque de laisser la communication s’enfermer dans le conflit. Il faut savoir dire : « Il y a quelque chose qui ne va pas.

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 1:

The Palo Alto school refers to a group of men who worked together around theory of communication and the relationship between individuals.The initiator of this work and the father of this school is Grégory BATESON, zoologist, anthropologist, and Ethnologist. He was influenced by the mathematicians, father of "Cybernetics", Norbert WIERNER and John Von NEUMAN, and also by Ludwig Von BERTALAUFFY, biologist who developed the "systems theory".Bertrand RUSSEL, father of the theory of logical types", and Milton ERIKSON, initiator of a language and a hypnotic approach in therapy, have also influenced his work.It is the mixture of genres who did the full force of the school of Palo Alto and who brought a revival in the vision of communication.One of these major originality is the use of the systemic approach in the field of human relations.Idea:"It is impossible not to communicate.The communication relates to the behaviour of individuals. There is no "non-comportement" (the silence and inaction are behavior) therefore the communication is permanent.Four major principles:1 ° / two levels of meaning in a message:Information, or content, this is what is said.The relationship between individuals.Ex: I approach a young woman asking him my way (content). It is no coincidence that I have chosen him rather than Mr side (relationship).Disruption: confusion between content and the relationship.Ex: It is possible that I myself am directed to the young woman because she was the only present on site to help me. But it can bring me a slap, thinking that I dredge. 2 ° / duality in the communication of a message:Two distinct and complementary modes:Digital: linked to the language and a code; to communicate, it is necessary that stakeholders have a common code (same language).Analog: gestures, mimicry and posture; This mode is more intuitive and is still understandable without a dictionary!Disruption: loss or lack of congruence between the verbal and the non-verbal; You can catch it from your interlocutor. This will not happen to you if you say what you think and if you think what you say!3 ° / punctuation of trade:It is the sequel to trade in a communication, a series of segments and the look that each focuses on the behavior of the other.Ex: He locks himself into office because his wife rattle; She rail because he locks himself in his office.Regardless of who is right or wrong, the important thing is to understand that each "punctuates" its Exchange to keep the system in balance.Each does more of the same, need to change punctuation.Disruption: first degree, it is obvious. Needed more wary of the «preaching», does not presuppose.The husband locks himself because he assumes that his wife is bitching or women rail because she assumes that her husband will be locked. We always find the way to check our presupposition to be able to say: ' you see, I knew it!4 ° / the Metacommunication:Metacommuniquer, this is Exchange on its own communication content-level or at the level of the relationship.Ex: "if I tell you that it is because I appreciate you.", I explains and justifies the reason for my communication. Typing on a glass to get silence, I "metacommunique" I want to communicate something.Disruption: do not metacommuniquer, do not take back, risks leaving communication shutting in the conflict. It should say: "there is something going wrong.

ผลลัพธ์ (อังกฤษ) 2:

The Palo Alto is a group of men who worked together around communication theory and the relationship between individuals. The initiator of this work and the father of this school is Gregory Bateson, zoologist, anthropologist and ethnologist . He was influenced by mathematicians, fathers of the "cyber" Norbert WIERNER and John Von Neuman, and also by Ludwig Von BERTALAUFFY biologist who developed the "theory of systems". Bertrand RUSSEL, father of the "standard theory logical "and Milton Erikson, founder of a language and a hypnotic approach in therapy, have also influenced his work. It is the mixture of genres that made ​​all the force of Palo Alto and has . brought a revival in the vision of communication One of the major original features is the use of the systems approach in the field of human relations. Departure Postulate: "It is impossible not to communicate" Communication is linked the behavior of individuals. There is no "non-behavior" (silence and inaction are behavior) communication is therefore constant. Four main principles: 1 / Two levels of meaning in a message: Information, or the content is what is said. The relationship between individuals. Ex: I approach a young woman to ask my way (content). It is not by chance that I chose instead the gentleman next door (relationship). Can Disturbance: confusion between content and relationship. Ex: It is possible that I am headed to the young woman because it was the only present on site to help. But it can put me a slap, thinking I dredge. 2 / Duality in communicating a message: Two distinct and complementary modes: Digital: related to language and code; to communicate, it is necessary that all the parties have a common code (even language). Analog: gestures, facial expressions and posture; this mode is more intuitive and understandable remains without a dictionary! can Disturbance: loss or lack of congruence between the verbal and non-verbal; you can detect in your interlocutor. This does not happen to you if you say what you think and if you think what you say! 3 / Punctuation exchanges: It is the result of exchanges in a communication, a sequence of segments and the look that everyone carries . the behavior of the other Ex: He locks himself in the office because his wife rattle; she groans because he locks himself in his office. Regardless of who is right or wrong, it's important to understand that each "punctuates" his exchange to keep the system in balance. Everyone makes more of the same something must be changed punctuation. can Disturbance: first degree, it is obvious. It should also be wary of "preaching" do not presuppose. The husband is locked up because he assumes that his wife will moan or groan woman because she assumes that her husband will be locked. We always find a way to check our precondition for being able to say: "you see, I knew it!". 4 ° / metacommunication: Métacommuniquer is discuss its own communication in content or in terms of the relationship. Ex: "If I tell you that, it's because I like you. "I explain and justify the reason for my call. By tapping a glass for silence, I 'métacommunique "I want to communicate something. Can Disturbance: Do not métacommuniquer, do not take back, may leave the communication is locked in conflict. You should know say, "There's something wrong.